Bitumen plays a significant role in our daily lives, primarily used in road construction. The main source of bitumen is oil refineries, and bitumen from Qayyarah is considered an important resource in Mosul. The oil from Qayyarah is a heavy crude with an aromatic origin, and the high-productivity bitumen can be extracted from it, reaching up to 48% and more than a thousand tons daily. However, it fails the indirect tensile strength tests of the asphalt mixtures used in road paving. We attempted to improve its engineering properties, particularly by increasing the indirect tensile strength, using three treatment methods for Qayyarah bitumen, so it remains competitive in the Iraqi market by utilizing cheap and readily available materials like elemental sulfur, low-density polyethylene waste, and C9 Petroleum resin, each mixed in two different ratios for processing to reduce industrial operation costs. Our goal was to help Qayyarah bitumen succeed in the engineering mixtures, with the added ratios being 1% and 2% for elemental sulfur, low-density polyethylene, and Petroleum resin C9. The results were excellent, showing a clear improvement in the indirect tensile strength test of the asphalt mixtures, an increase in their load-bearing capacity (Marshall test), and homogeneity in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. The prepared samples did not suffer from phase separation and were within the allowable range.

Nowadays, conventional contractual responsibility based on charges cannot fully attend to the newly risen issues, and creating fairness between the rights of the manufacturers and the consumers is almost a lost cause. According to Article 433 and 2 of the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights, in the event of a fault, partial, the sufferer has the right to terminate the transaction or to maintain a lender and obtain an order. However, if the transaction is general, the replacement of the good with a healthy sample or its' return is the right of the consumer. Otherwise, it must be compensated according to the civil general rules or general rules of liability. Subsequently, the Consumer Protection Legislation, which was signed into a law in 2009 and the medical equipment bylaw ratified in 2015, are the earnest steps on the way of introducing new acts to the Iranian legal system which efficiently could deal with flaws in products and services. The object of the current paper is an evaluation of liability arisen out of any flaw in consumer products and surveying the related legal principles. Documentary to the article 25 of the Medical Devices and Supplies Regulations of 1394, only the lack of conformity of the product with the manufacturer's claim requires a compensation for damages, and the protection of consumer rights does not require a contract or proof of fault. Accordingly, the responsibility in the bylaw is based on sole responsibility and beyond the responsibilities set forth in civil law and public rules or general rules that are envisaged in Iranian law. Therefore, the basis of danger in the law and the law of loss in Imam's jurisprudence is more consistent with this article. In this study, descriptive-analytical method has been used. So, after referring to written sources in medical law, civil and criminal law and jurisprudence of Imamiyeh, the logical method and rational reasoning, the collected data were analyzed.

Application of Petroleum mulches for soil stabilization and sand dune fixation dates back to the early 1900s. The number of methodological research reports on these subjects, however, is very limited. Most of such reports speak approvingly of the mulches for temporary fixation of the moving sands. The disadvantage of these mulches is their impermeability to water and increasing the temperature maxima of the buried sand.Despite these shortcomings, these materials, especially the semi permeable emulsified types, are unsurpassed in temporary fixation of extensive areas covered with the moving dunes. Environmental impacts of such activities, however, should be contemplated beforehand.

Oil refining is a joint production system because the production of one oil product makes technically inevitable the production of other oil products. Due to the complex nature of the process involved and the vast number of joint product outputs that are strongly correlated, it is very difficult to establish any meaningful CO2 emissions allocation between oil products. Nevertheless, the allocation of Petroleum refinery energy use and the resultant CO2emissions among different oil products is necessary in "well to wheel" analysis in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of individual transportation fuels.In practice, allocation methods used so far for the Petroleum based fuel are traditionally based on two fundamental approaches: physical 'measures (mass, volume, energy contents or other relevant parameters) or market value of individual oil products from a given refinery. These methods are open to discussion on two points. Fist, an a priori assumption about the allocation procedure (i.e., mass, volume, energy contents, market value, etc.) is in some ways completely arbitrary and consequently of little use for economic decision making purposes. Second, these approaches ignore the opportunity cost effects and the interdependencies which might exist among the refinery process units, and systematically assign more emissions to the oil products that utilize more process units.More sophisticated proposals to energy consumption and emissions allocation have been developed based on the concept of duality in linear programming (LP). Unfortunately, in refinery LP models constraints on (fixed) unit process capacities or input availabilities might destroy the additivity property of the marginal based allocations. In fact, due to a technical feature inherent in LP, the Petroleum product allocation coefficients might underestimate or overestimate the total volume of the refinery's CO2 emissions. This handicap is a valid objection to LP as an allocation tool in retrospective or accounting LCA studies and might limit its use for problems in which the objective is to assign unambiguously the whole refinery's emissions among the oil products. This practice-oriented paper is aimed to provide a two-stage procedure, based on LP, to fully allocate the refinery's CO2emissions among the refinery's Petroleum joint products. The procedure is applied to the IFP (Institut FranÇais du Pétrole) oil refinery. The average contribution of Petroleum oil products to the refinery's CO2 emissions are then compared with the other accounting allocation methods. We show that, contrary to these latter, gasoline has not always a higher average CO2 content than that of diesel within the European refineries.

US foreign policy has moved in the direction of consolidating the dollar's position as a major currency in Islamic Middle East oil and foreign exchange reserves over the past few decades. The US dollar's Petroleum policy has created an order that sets the price of buying oil from Muslim sellers in dollars. They believe that if another currency than the dollar finds itself in oil trading, especially in the Islamic countries of the Middle East, many countries will sell their stored dollars and this will weaken the dollar's position relative to other credible currencies. Kurdish. This article examines the trends in the oil political economy of the Middle East Muslim countries as oil sellers in the Petro-Dollar Exchange Market based on the SWOT model.